EASL Campus

An asymptomatic 35-year-old man comes to the clinic because he was found to be HBsAg positive. Additional tests show: anti-HBc positive, IgM anti-HBc negative, HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive, ALT 65 IU/L, AST 32 IU/L, HBV DNA 2850 IU/mL.

Among available additional tests, when should testing for antibodies against HDV (anti-HDV) be ordered?

A. Only if the patient has further elevation of ALT/AST levels without substantial increase of HBV DNA levels

B. Only if the patient admits high-risk behaviour for HDV (e.g. parenteral drug use)

C. Only if ALT levels are not normalized at least 6-12 months after the onset of antiviral therapy

D. Immediately

E. In case A or B or C

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